अपवाह (Drainage) NCERT भूगोल कक्षा 9 अध्याय 3 – विस्तृत सारांश परिचय अपवाह (Drainage) का अर्थ किसी क्षेत्र की नदी व्यवस्था से है। एक मुख्य नदी और उसकी सहायक नदियाँ मिलकर नदी तंत्र बनाती हैं। भारत की नदियाँ कृषि, सिंचाई, जलविद्युत, परिवहन और मानव जीवन के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। भारत की नदी प्रणाली को मुख्य रूप से दो भागों में बाँटा गया है: हिमालयी नदी प्रणाली प्रायद्वीपीय नदी प्रणाली 1. हिमालयी नदी प्रणाली मुख्य हिमालयी नदियाँ: सिंधु गंगा ब्रह्मपुत्र विशेषताएँ ये सदानीरा नदियाँ हैं (साल भर बहती हैं) इनका जल स्रोत हिमनद और वर्षा दोनों हैं लंबी और गहरी नदियाँ बड़े मैदान और डेल्टा बनाती हैं A. सिंधु नदी प्रणाली Indus River का उद्गम तिब्बत में मानसरोवर झील के पास से होता है। मुख्य विशेषताएँ यह भारत, तिब्बत और पाकिस्तान से होकर बहती है कुल लंबाई लगभग 2900 किमी इसकी प्रमुख सहायक नदियाँ: झेलम चिनाब रावी ब्यास सतलुज महत्व सिंचाई के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण पंजाब क्षेत्र की कृषि का आधार B. गंगा नदी प्रणाली Ganga भारत की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण नदी मानी जाती है। उद्गम गंगोत्री हिमनद (उत्तराखंड) से नि...
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Drainage – Detailed Summary

NCERT Geography Class 9 Chapter 3

Introduction

Drainage means the river system of an area. A river along with its tributaries forms a drainage basin. India has many rivers that are important for agriculture, transport, electricity generation, and daily life.

India’s drainage system is divided into:

  1. Himalayan Rivers

  2. Peninsular Rivers

1. Himalayan Rivers

The Himalayan rivers are:

  • Indus

  • Ganga

  • Brahmaputra

These rivers are:

  • Perennial rivers (flow throughout the year)

  • Fed by glaciers and rainfall

  • Long and deep rivers

  • Form large flood plains

A. The Indus River System

Indus River originates near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet.

Important Features

  • Flows through Tibet, India, and Pakistan

  • Total length: about 2900 km

  • Main tributaries:

    • Jhelum

    • Chenab

    • Ravi

    • Beas

    • Sutlej

Importance

  • Helps in irrigation

  • Supports agriculture in Punjab and Pakistan

B. The Ganga River System

Ganga is India’s most important river.

Origin

  • Begins from Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand

  • Called Bhagirathi at origin

  • Bhagirathi joins Alaknanda at Devprayag to form the Ganga

Tributaries

Right-bank tributaries

  • Yamuna

  • Son

Left-bank tributaries

  • Ghaghara

  • Gandak

  • Kosi

Features

  • Creates fertile northern plains

  • Supports agriculture and dense population

  • Forms the Sundarbans Delta with Brahmaputra

Delta

The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is the world’s largest delta.

C. The Brahmaputra River System

Brahmaputra River rises in Tibet near Mansarovar Lake.

Features

  • Called Tsangpo in Tibet

  • Enters India through Arunachal Pradesh

  • Known for floods and soil erosion

  • Has many tributaries

Importance

  • Provides fertile soil

  • Useful for transport and agriculture

2. Peninsular Rivers

Peninsular rivers are:

  • Seasonal rivers

  • Depend mainly on rainfall

  • Shorter and shallower than Himalayan rivers

These rivers flow over hard rock surfaces.

Major Peninsular Rivers

A. The Narmada Basin

Narmada River rises in Amarkantak hills.

Features

  • Flows westward

  • Forms beautiful marble rocks near Jabalpur

  • Empties into the Arabian Sea

B. The Tapi Basin

Tapti River also flows westward.

Features

  • Originates in Satpura hills

  • Drains parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra

C. The Godavari Basin

Godavari River is called the “Dakshin Ganga”.

Features

  • Longest Peninsular river

  • Originates in Maharashtra

  • Flows into Bay of Bengal

Tributaries

  • Purna

  • Wardha

  • Wainganga

  • Manjra

D. The Krishna Basin

Krishna River originates near Mahabaleshwar.

Tributaries

  • Tungabhadra

  • Bhima

  • Ghatprabha

E. The Kaveri Basin

Kaveri River originates in the Western Ghats.

Features

  • Flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

  • Forms a fertile delta

Lakes

India has different types of lakes.

Types of Lakes

  1. Freshwater lakes

  2. Saltwater lakes

  3. Artificial lakes

Important Lakes

  • Wular Lake – Jammu and Kashmir

  • Chilika Lake – Odisha

  • Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan

Importance of Lakes

  • Regulate river flow

  • Prevent floods

  • Support tourism and fishing

Role of Rivers in Economy

Rivers are very important because they:

  • Provide water for irrigation

  • Generate hydroelectricity

  • Help in transport

  • Support industries

  • Provide fertile soil

River Pollution

Increasing pollution is harming rivers.

Causes

  • Industrial waste

  • Domestic sewage

  • Chemicals and plastics

Effects

  • Water becomes unsafe

  • Harms aquatic life

  • Causes diseases

Important Terms

TermMeaning
Drainage BasinArea drained by a river and its tributaries
TributarySmaller river joining a main river
DeltaLandform formed at river mouth by deposition
Perennial RiverRiver flowing throughout the year
MeanderBends in a river course

Conclusion

India’s drainage system is very important for agriculture, economy, transport, and human life. The Himalayan rivers are perennial and form fertile plains, while Peninsular rivers are seasonal and flow over plateau regions. Rivers are valuable natural resources and must be protected from pollution.

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