अपवाह (Drainage) NCERT भूगोल कक्षा 9 अध्याय 3 – विस्तृत सारांश परिचय अपवाह (Drainage) का अर्थ किसी क्षेत्र की नदी व्यवस्था से है। एक मुख्य नदी और उसकी सहायक नदियाँ मिलकर नदी तंत्र बनाती हैं। भारत की नदियाँ कृषि, सिंचाई, जलविद्युत, परिवहन और मानव जीवन के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। भारत की नदी प्रणाली को मुख्य रूप से दो भागों में बाँटा गया है: हिमालयी नदी प्रणाली प्रायद्वीपीय नदी प्रणाली 1. हिमालयी नदी प्रणाली मुख्य हिमालयी नदियाँ: सिंधु गंगा ब्रह्मपुत्र विशेषताएँ ये सदानीरा नदियाँ हैं (साल भर बहती हैं) इनका जल स्रोत हिमनद और वर्षा दोनों हैं लंबी और गहरी नदियाँ बड़े मैदान और डेल्टा बनाती हैं A. सिंधु नदी प्रणाली Indus River का उद्गम तिब्बत में मानसरोवर झील के पास से होता है। मुख्य विशेषताएँ यह भारत, तिब्बत और पाकिस्तान से होकर बहती है कुल लंबाई लगभग 2900 किमी इसकी प्रमुख सहायक नदियाँ: झेलम चिनाब रावी ब्यास सतलुज महत्व सिंचाई के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण पंजाब क्षेत्र की कृषि का आधार B. गंगा नदी प्रणाली Ganga भारत की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण नदी मानी जाती है। उद्गम गंगोत्री हिमनद (उत्तराखंड) से नि...
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Physical Features of India Summary

 

Physical Features of India

Detailed Summary – NCERT Geography Class 9 Chapter 2







India is a land of great physical diversity. Different types of landforms such as mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts, coastal areas, and islands are found in India. These physical features were formed due to internal and external forces of the Earth over millions of years.

The major physical divisions of India are:

  1. The Himalayan Mountains

  2. The Northern Plains

  3. The Peninsular Plateau

  4. The Indian Desert

  5. The Coastal Plains

  6. The Islands

1. The Himalayan Mountains







The Himalayas are the youngest fold mountains in the world. They were formed when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate.

Main Features

  • Stretch from Jammu & Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.

  • Length: about 2,400 km.

  • Width: 150 to 400 km.

  • High mountain peaks, deep valleys, and glaciers are found here.

Three Parallel Ranges of Himalayas

(i) Himadri (Greater Himalaya)

  • Northernmost range.

  • Highest and most continuous range.

  • Average height: 6,000 metres.

  • Permanently covered with snow.

  • Source of many rivers and glaciers.

Important Peaks

  • Mount Everest

  • Kanchenjunga

(ii) Himachal (Lesser Himalaya)

  • Located south of Himadri.

  • Famous for hill stations:

    • Shimla

    • Mussoorie

    • Nainital

  • Valleys like Kashmir and Kangra are located here.

(iii) Shiwaliks

  • Southernmost range.

  • Lowest range of Himalayas.

  • Made of loose rocks and sediments.

  • Valleys between mountains are called Duns.

    • Example: Dehradun

Purvachal Hills







The Himalayas bend sharply towards the south in the eastern region. These hills are called Purvachal Hills.

Important Hills

  • Patkai Hills

  • Naga Hills

  • Mizo Hills

These hills are covered with thick forests and receive heavy rainfall.

Importance of Himalayas

  • Protect India from cold winds of Central Asia.

  • Cause rainfall by stopping monsoon winds.

  • Source of major rivers.

  • Rich in forests, tourism, and biodiversity.

2. The Northern Plains






The Northern Plains were formed by the deposition of alluvium brought by rivers:

  • Indus

  • Ganga

  • Brahmaputra

Features

  • Flat and fertile land.

  • Area: about 7 lakh sq km.

  • Densely populated region.

  • Good transport network.

  • Ideal for agriculture.

Divisions of Northern Plains

(i) Punjab Plains

  • Formed by the Indus River and its tributaries.

(ii) Ganga Plains

  • Largest plain of India.

  • Very fertile and densely populated.

(iii) Brahmaputra Plains

  • Located in Assam.

  • Frequently affected by floods.

Relief Features of Northern Plains

Bhabar

  • Pebbles and rocks deposited near foothills.

Terai

  • Marshy and wet area south of Bhabar.

  • Rich in forests and wildlife.

Bhangar

  • Old alluvial soil.

Khadar

  • New alluvial soil.

  • Very fertile.

Importance of Northern Plains

  • Major food-producing region.

  • Dense population.

  • Development of cities and industries.

3. The Peninsular Plateau







The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India. It is made of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Features

  • Triangular in shape.

  • Rich in minerals and fossil fuels.

  • Many rivers originate here.

Two Main Divisions

(i) Central Highlands

  • Located north of Narmada River.

  • Includes:

    • Malwa Plateau

    • Bundelkhand Plateau

    • Chotanagpur Plateau

Chotanagpur Plateau

  • Rich in coal and iron ore.

  • Important industrial region.

(ii) Deccan Plateau

  • Located south of Narmada River.

  • Surrounded by:

    • Western Ghats

    • Eastern Ghats

Western Ghats

  • Higher and continuous mountains.

  • Receive heavy rainfall.

  • Important hill stations:

    • Ooty

    • Mahabaleshwar

Eastern Ghats

  • Lower and discontinuous hills.

  • Rivers cut through these hills.

Importance of Peninsular Plateau

  • Rich in minerals.

  • Development of industries.

  • Source of many rivers.

4. The Indian Desert







The Indian Desert lies in western Rajasthan.

Features

  • Sandy plains and sand dunes.

  • Very low rainfall.

  • Sparse vegetation.

  • Extreme climate.

Main River

  • Luni River

Importance

  • Tourism

  • Camel rearing

  • Mineral resources

5. The Coastal Plains






The Coastal Plains lie along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Western Coastal Plains

  • Narrow coastal strip.

  • Divisions:

    • Konkan Coast

    • Kannad Coast

    • Malabar Coast

Features

  • Backwaters in Kerala.

  • Important ports and fishing activities.

Eastern Coastal Plains

  • Wider than western coast.

  • Formed by river deltas.

Divisions

  • Northern Circar

  • Coromandel Coast

Features

  • Fertile delta regions.

  • Rice cultivation.

6. The Islands







India has two main island groups.

(i) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

  • Located in Bay of Bengal.

  • Some islands are volcanic.

  • Barren Island is India’s only active volcano.

Features

  • Dense forests.

  • Rich biodiversity.

(ii) Lakshadweep Islands

  • Located in Arabian Sea.

  • Coral islands.

  • Small islands with beautiful beaches.

Conclusion

India has diverse physical features like mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts, coasts, and islands. These landforms influence:

  • Climate

  • Agriculture

  • Population

  • Transport

  • Economy

They play an important role in the development and natural beauty of India.

Important One-Liner Facts for Exam

  • Himalayas are the youngest fold mountains.

  • Himadri is the highest Himalayan range.

  • Northern Plains are formed by alluvial deposits.

  • Khadar soil is very fertile.

  • Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass.

  • Chotanagpur Plateau is rich in minerals.

  • Thar Desert lies in Rajasthan.

  • Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall.

  • Lakshadweep Islands are coral islands.

  • Barren Island is India’s only active volcano.

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