English Grammar, Topic-Non Finites for class:10

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None-Finites

Definition:- वे verbs जो sentence के subject तथा tense के मुताबिक अपना form नहीं बदलते हैं तथा क्रिया का काम न करके Noun,Pronoun,Adjective अथवा Adverb का काम करे,तब उसे None-Finite कहते है। 

Structure:-    

• With to :- 

 

                     I want to write. 

                    I want to go.

• With ing:- 

                 Walking is an exercise. 

                  You see him walking.

• Without to:-

                        go, come, drink 

          

               I watched him play.

                I made him laugh. 

                I heard their cry.

Form के अनुसार verb के दो भेद होते हैं:-

1. Finite verbs:- वे verb जो sentence के subject तथा tense के मुताबिक अपना form बदल लेते है, Finite verb कहलाते हैं। 

 

         Examples:-

                        I want to write.

                      He wants to write.

                     She wanted to write.

2. Non-Finite verbs:- वे verb जो sentence के subject तथा Tense के मुताबिक अपना form नहीं बदलते हैं,  उसे Non-Finite verbs कहते है 

         Examples:-

                      I want to write.

                     He wants to write.

                  She wanted to write. 

• Non-Finite Verbs के तीन प्रकार होते है-

1. Infinitive    -  ( To + V1)

2. Gerund      -  ( V +ing )

3. Participle - ( V+ing / V+ed/en / Having+be)

1. Infinitive:-  

        Structure:- To + V1

        अर्थ:-    ना, नी, ने…..

Examples:- to go,to eat,to laugh etc

I wanted to write. 

To walk is a good exercise .

Type of Infinitive:- 

1. Gerund:- 

          Structure:- V+ING

          अर्थ:- ना, नी, ने…..

Examples:- walking, reading, playing etc

Walking is an exercise. 

He likes reading poetry. 

She is fond of swimming. 

2. Participle:- 

 Kinds of participle:-

• Present participle:- V+ING

     अर्थ:- हुआ, हुये, कर,करके..

                Examples: playing, reading  eat.

                He has a smiling face. 

                I saw a running horse.

             Jumping up, Rohan ran away.

          Seeing a lion, I climbed a tree.

• Past participle:- V+ed/en…

      अर्थ:- हुआ, हुये , हुई….

               Examples: played, walked, drunk

                 A  broken chair is of no use.

                 I found my lost shirt.

                  Tired, I slept.

               Don't eat rotten apples.

               It is a broken chair.

• Perfect participle:- Having +V3

         अर्थ:- के बाद, करके…..

              Ex:- Having played, Having taken

 Having taken breakfast, Mohan went to school.

Having cooked the food, the mother gave it to her son.

Having typed the letter, he posted it

      

      Use of Non-Finite Verbs

• Infinitive with 'To':- वह infinitive जो अपने पहले 'To' लेता है, infinitive with to कहलाता है। 

1. As the subject of a verb

               Ex:- 

       To walk is a good exercise.

       To tell lies is a sin.

       To err is human

2. As the object of a verb

                  Ex:-

         He wants to go.

        I like to play cards.

        

3. As the complement of a verb:- 

                   Ex:-

            He has promised to help me.

          Her ambition is to become a doctor.

          He is to sell his car.

          She was to go to Gaya.

4. As the object of a preposition 

                     Ex:-

             He is about to come.

         You had no choice but to obey.

5. As adjective to qualify a noun

                    Ex:-

         He has no money to buy.

       My son likes milk to drink.

       This is not the time to play.

6. As  Adverb to qualify an adjective

                       Ex:-

           He is too ill to do any work. 

       It is difficult to solve this sum.

       The girls were anxious to learn.

• Infinitive without 'To' (Bare Infinitive):- वह Infinitive जो अपने पहले 'To'नहीं लेता है Bare Infinitive कहलाता है। 

1. After the Auxiliaries (Verbs and modals)

         Ex:-

          

               I can go

             We shall dance.

         You may go now.

      He will pass this year.

     She does not learn her lesson.

  You need not come here again.

2. After the verbs :-hear,let, bid,make, feel,watch,see,help,please etc.

               Ex:- 

    

               I watched him play.

                  I made him laugh.

                 I heard their cry.

Use of Gerund

1. As the subject of a verb

  

             Ex:-

      Walking is an exercise. 

      Reading is my favourite pastime. 

      Swimming is good for your health.

2. As the object of a verb 

             Ex:- 

        He likes reading poetry.

       I enjoy flying kites.

      Children love making mud castles.

3. As the object of a preposition 

 

               Ex:- 

         She is fond of swimming. 

        You were punished for telling a lie.

       She prevented me from playing. 

4. As the complement of a verb

                 Ex:- 

          Her hobby is dancing. 

         His passion is gambling.

5. Gerund का प्रयोग Possession  के बाद होता है। 

          Ex:- 

     We appreciate Lata's singing. 

   They should not mind your coming late.

Use of Participle 

• Present participle:- 

1. Present participle का प्रयोग Continuous Tense में होता है। 

             Ex:- 

          

          He is playing Cricket. 

        She was singing a song.

    You will be doing your homework. 

2. As an Adjective 

            Ex:- 

           He has a smiling face. 

         I saw a running horse.

       Flowing water is generally muddy.

  

3. As an Adverb 

Ex:- 

She went into the bathroom singing. 

I never heard her shouting. 

• Past participle:- 

1. Past participle का प्रयोग present/Past/Future के Perfect Tense में होता है। 

        Ex:- 

           I have written a letter. 

        I had finished his work.

      He will have written a letter. 

2. As an adjective 

            Ex:- 

      A broken chair is of no use.

      He lives in a ruined house.

3. As an Adjective 

          Ex:- 

      They came back dejected. 

         You look tired.

• Perfect participle 

1. जब दो Actions के होने में समय अंतराल कम हो पहले Action के लिए past participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

             Ex:- 

 Having taken breakfast, Mohan went to school.

Having typed the letter, he posted it.